Dear Members, Thanks for your feedback. I got the reply I wanted from you. Regards, Shailesh
--- On Tue, 10/28/08, CKPurohit <ck@knm-group.com> wrote:
From: CKPurohit <ck@knm-group.com> Subject: [MW:1253] RE: 1250] Re: HAZ To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Date: Tuesday, October 28, 2008, 2:27 PM
As everybody informed that HAZ is largely depend on the process and other parameter is correct but my experience HAZ in manual welding is less than 3 mm and Auto (SAW and other high heat input process) it will be less than 5 mm for carbon steel and LAS. For SS I have not observed HAZ bigger than 1 mm (we can see after etching too). I hope experienced people like Mr Kalayan can comment on statement as he might have seen many cross section HAZ after etching….. Regards. C. K. Purohit General Manager QA / QC / WELDING / NDT / R&D KNM Process Systems Sdn Bhd - Malaysia HP - +6016 337 6448 From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of Kalyan Elcalabs Sent: Sel, 28 Okt 08 02:42 pm To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Subject: [MW:1250] Re: HAZ There is no thumb rule for the formation of HAZ. This largely depends on welding procedure, equipment used, various consumables, electrical parameters, operators skill and the uncertainities contributed by them. Normally one should expect minimum HAZ as is it not a desirable phenomena in any welding process. ----- Original Message ----- Sent: Monday, October 27, 2008 6:53 PM Subject: [MW:1247] Re: HAZ LET ME MAKE MY QUESTION CLEAR TO YOU. FROM WELD JOINT END HOW MUCH IS THE WIDTH OF HAZ. From: sachin sankhe <sachin.sankhe@rediffmail.com> Subject: [MW:1246] Re: HAZ To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Date: Monday, October 27, 2008, 5:34 PM Hi Shailesh Your question is not clear
Regards Sachin
On Sat, 25 Oct 2008 shailesh dave wrote : >DEAR MEMBERS, > >WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME WHAT COULD ME THE THUMB RULE FOR HEAT AFFECTD ZONE DURING WELDING. > >REGARDS, > >S.N.DAVE >I/C QA/QC DAS ISLAND UAE > > > >>
<BR
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Dear Shailesh, As everybody informed that HAZ is largely depend on the process and other parameter is correct but my experience HAZ in manual welding is less than 3 mm and Auto (SAW and other high heat input process) it will be less than 5 mm for carbon steel and LAS. For SS I have not observed HAZ bigger than 1 mm (we can see after etching too). I hope experienced people like Mr Kalayan can comment on statement as he might have seen many cross section HAZ after etching….. Regards. C. K. Purohit General Manager QA / QC / WELDING / NDT / R&D KNM Process Systems Sdn Bhd - Malaysia HP - +6016 337 6448 From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of Kalyan Elcalabs Sent: Sel, 28 Okt 08 02:42 pm To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Subject: [MW:1250] Re: HAZ There is no thumb rule for the formation of HAZ. This largely depends on welding procedure, equipment used, various consumables, electrical parameters, operators skill and the uncertainities contributed by them. Normally one should expect minimum HAZ as is it not a desirable phenomena in any welding process. ----- Original Message ----- Sent: Monday, October 27, 2008 6:53 PM Subject: [MW:1247] Re: HAZ LET ME MAKE MY QUESTION CLEAR TO YOU. FROM WELD JOINT END HOW MUCH IS THE WIDTH OF HAZ. From: sachin sankhe <sachin.sankhe@rediffmail.com> Subject: [MW:1246] Re: HAZ To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Date: Monday, October 27, 2008, 5:34 PM Hi Shailesh Your question is not clear Regards Sachin On Sat, 25 Oct 2008 shailesh dave wrote : >DEAR MEMBERS, > >WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME WHAT COULD ME THE THUMB RULE FOR HEAT AFFECTD ZONE DURING WELDING. > >REGARDS, > >S.N.DAVE >I/C QA/QC DAS ISLAND UAE > > > >> <BR | | ***DISCLAIMER NOTICE *** "This e-mail and any files transmitted with it is confidential and is intended only for the use of the recepient(s) named above. If you are not the intended recipient, any review, retransmission, dissemination, distribution, printing, copying or use the information contained in this message or any part thereof in other manner is strictly prohibited. If you receive this e-mail in error, please notify the sender immediately by return e-mail and delete the e-mail and any of its attachments. Any personal views or opinions expressed by the sender shall be understood as neither given nor endorsed by KNM or any of the companies within the Group." --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
what is the chemical analysis & thickness of stress relief base metal?
From: "kataiah@bilfal.com" <kataiah@bilfal.com> To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Sent: Sunday, October 26, 2008 12:08:27 PM Subject: [MW:1240] Which WPS can be used
Dear Frinds , I have a requirement to weld Stress relievedCS plate # normal CS Plate. Which WPS can is use to weld such combination ( i mean a WPS with PWHT or with out PWHT). ASME is refering anywhere which type to be used? What is the logic to use perticular type?. Regards P.K. Bilfal Industries.
--~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
hi if you look for for a thumb rule about haz that it is used in each situation ,it not exist. but i prefer some following below,considered: chemical analysis of parent metal(carbon equivalent) thickness of parent H.I & preheat depends on process joint design if you express a special case,i can help more detail bye
From: shailesh dave <snd2988@yahoo.com> To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Sent: Saturday, October 25, 2008 12:44:10 PM Subject: [MW:1244] HAZ DEAR MEMBERS, WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME WHAT COULD ME THE THUMB RULE FOR HEAT AFFECTD ZONE DURING WELDING. REGARDS, S.N.DAVE I/C QA/QC DAS ISLAND UAE | --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
Dear Shailesh, There is no thumb rule for the formation of HAZ. This largely depends on welding procedure, equipment used, various consumables, electrical parameters, operators skill and the uncertainities contributed by them. Normally one should expect minimum HAZ as is it not a desirable phenomena in any welding process. N. Kalyan. ELCA Laboratories. ----- Original Message ----- Sent: Monday, October 27, 2008 6:53 PM Subject: [MW:1247] Re: HAZ
DEAR SACHIN, LET ME MAKE MY QUESTION CLEAR TO YOU. FROM WELD JOINT END HOW MUCH IS THE WIDTH OF HAZ. REGARDS, From: sachin sankhe <sachin.sankhe@rediffmail.com> Subject: [MW:1246] Re: HAZ To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Date: Monday, October 27, 2008, 5:34 PM
Hi Shailesh Your question is not clear
Regards Sachin
On Sat, 25 Oct 2008 shailesh dave wrote : >DEAR MEMBERS, > >WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME WHAT COULD ME THE THUMB RULE FOR HEAT AFFECTD ZONE DURING WELDING. > >REGARDS, > >S.N.DAVE >I/C QA/QC DAS ISLAND UAE > > > >>
|
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Dear sir I beg to inform you to doing welding without deflection during high temperature welding operation you can use from warm sand and cooling process must be doing slow and controlled -----Original Message----- From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of shailesh dave Sent: Saturday, October 25, 2008 12:44 PM To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Subject: [MW:1244] HAZ DEAR MEMBERS, WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME WHAT COULD ME THE THUMB RULE FOR HEAT AFFECTD ZONE DURING WELDING. REGARDS, S.N.DAVE I/C QA/QC DAS ISLAND UAE --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
DEAR SACHIN, LET ME MAKE MY QUESTION CLEAR TO YOU. FROM WELD JOINT END HOW MUCH IS THE WIDTH OF HAZ. REGARDS, SHAILESH
--- On Mon, 10/27/08, sachin sankhe <sachin.sankhe@rediffmail.com> wrote:
From: sachin sankhe <sachin.sankhe@rediffmail.com> Subject: [MW:1246] Re: HAZ To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Date: Monday, October 27, 2008, 5:34 PM
Hi Shailesh Your question is not clear
Regards Sachin
On Sat, 25 Oct 2008 shailesh dave wrote : >DEAR MEMBERS, > >WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME WHAT COULD ME THE THUMB RULE FOR HEAT AFFECTD ZONE DURING WELDING. > >REGARDS, > >S.N.DAVE >I/C QA/QC DAS ISLAND UAE > > > >>
| --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
Dear Sachin, I think he requires information reqarding How HAZ will be formed during welding, What will be its crystal stractures compared to base material & weld metal, Its properties like tensile, hardness, impact campared to B/M & weld metal etc. In total he requires welding metallurgy of welds. regards P.K ----- Forwarded by Kataiah/BelleliSA on 27/10/2008 04:12 Ù… ----- | "sachin sankhe" <sachin.sankhe@rediffmail.com> Sent by: materials-welding@googlegroups.com 27/10/2008 03:04 Ù… Please respond to materials-welding | To: <materials-welding@googlegroups.com> cc: Subject: [MW:1246] Re: HAZ | Hi Shailesh Your question is not clear Regards Sachin On Sat, 25 Oct 2008 shailesh dave wrote : >DEAR MEMBERS, > >WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME WHAT COULD ME THE THUMB RULE FOR HEAT AFFECTD ZONE DURING WELDING. > >REGARDS, > >S.N.DAVE >I/C QA/QC DAS ISLAND UAE > > > >> --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
Hi Shailesh Your question is not clear Regards Sachin On Sat, 25 Oct 2008 shailesh dave wrote : >DEAR MEMBERS, > >WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME WHAT COULD ME THE THUMB RULE FOR HEAT AFFECTD ZONE DURING WELDING. > >REGARDS, > >S.N.DAVE >I/C QA/QC DAS ISLAND UAE > > > >> --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
If your production weld is undergoing PWHT than u have to use with PWHT WPS otherwise without PWHT. Base material Heat treatment condition before welding is not essential & also with base metal heat treatment condition u cannot decide WPS - PWHT requirement. On Sun, Oct 26, 2008 at 12:38 PM, <kataiah@bilfal.com> wrote: Dear Frinds ,
I have a requirement to weld Stress relievedCS plate # normal CS Plate. Which WPS can is use to weld such combination ( i mean a WPS with PWHT or with out PWHT).
ASME is refering anywhere which type to be used? What is the logic to use perticular type?.
Regards
P.K. Bilfal Industries.
--~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
Use WPS w/o PWHT! Dear Sir,
Iam not going to do PWHT after welding.
reards
----- Forwarded by Kataiah/BelleliSA on 27/10/2008 11:05 ص ----- | "Bathula Raghuram \(Mumbai - PIPING\)" <R.Bathula@ticb.com> Sent by: materials-welding@googlegroups.com 27/10/2008 10:47 ص Please respond to materials-welding | To: <materials-welding@googlegroups.com> cc: Subject: [MW:1242] RE: 1240] Which WPS can be used |
it depends on after treatment of this weld, is this weld required or subjected to PWHT? -----Original Message----- From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com]On Behalf Of kataiah@bilfal.com Sent: Sunday, October 26, 2008 9:38 AM To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com Subject: [MW:1240] Which WPS can be used
Dear Frinds ,
I have a requirement to weld Stress relievedCS plate # normal CS Plate.
Which WPS can is use to weld such combination ( i mean a WPS with PWHT or with out PWHT).
ASME is refering anywhere which type to be used?
What is the logic to use perticular type?.
Regards
P.K. Bilfal Industries.
--~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
it depends on after treatment of this weld, is this weld required or subjected to PWHT? Dear Frinds ,
I have a requirement to weld Stress relievedCS plate # normal CS Plate.
Which WPS can is use to weld such combination ( i mean a WPS with PWHT or with out PWHT).
ASME is refering anywhere which type to be used?
What is the logic to use perticular type?.
Regards
P.K. Bilfal Industries.
CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE This e-mail and any attachments there to contain information, which is confidential, proprietary, privileged and/or protected from disclosure by intellectual property rights and are intended for the sole use of the recipient(s) named above. If you are not the intended recipient of this message you are hereby notified that any dissemination or copying of this message is strictly prohibited. If you have received this e-mail in error, please notify the sender either by telephone or by e-mail and delete it from any computer. Although this e-mail and any attachments thereto are believed to be free from any virus or other defects, which might affect any computer or IT system, it is the responsibility of the recipient to ensure that they are virus free. We are not liable for any loss or damage arising in any way from receipt or use there of. Thank you. | --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
Dear Frinds , I have a requirement to weld Stress relievedCS plate # normal CS Plate. Which WPS can is use to weld such combination ( i mean a WPS with PWHT or with out PWHT). ASME is refering anywhere which type to be used? What is the logic to use perticular type?. Regards P.K. Bilfal Industries. --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
Dear friends, Have you ever heard about Siloxrine paint coating? (Waste water brine service). Members please share your views regarding the application of above painting system. Regards, S.Mathusoothanan --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
DEAR MEMBERS, WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME WHAT COULD ME THE THUMB RULE FOR HEAT AFFECTD ZONE DURING WELDING. REGARDS, S.N.DAVE I/C QA/QC DAS ISLAND UAE | --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
The RP1110 which is for liquid petroleum pipelines refers back to B31.4 and 49 Code of federal regulations part 195. "Bathula Raghuram \(Mumbai - PIPING\)" <R.Bathula@ticb.com> Sent by: materials-welding@googlegroups.com 24/10/2008 09:47 Please respond to materials-welding@googlegroups.com | | To | <materials-welding@googlegroups.com> | cc | | Subject | [MW:1237] RE: 1236] Hydro test-max holding period |
| Stress value at test temperature shall be considered while prolonged period with varying temperatures. some time we do big systems like fire water network (or other buried piping) to be kept at design pressure for 24 hours, where pressure/temperature monitored with continuous P/T recorders. B31.3 is has no such requirement, but in case of EN13480 it is held for 30min minimum at test pressure and bring back to design pressure for close visual inspection. However Pipelines (designed to ASME B31.4/31.8 etc.) may require longer periods for e.g. B31.4 indicates Hydro @ 1.25 time internal DP but not less than 4 hours you may also note the caution given in B31.4 "When lines are tested at pressures that develop a hoop stress, based on nominal wall thickness, in excess of 90% of the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe, special care shall be used to prevent overstrain of the pipe." Probably API RP 1110 may give you some guidance. I have not seen this. Members please share your views. -----Original Message----- From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com]On Behalf Of Aarpee Sent: Friday, October 24, 2008 8:30 AM To: Materials & Welding Subject: [MW:1236] Hydro test-max holding period As per B31.3 Hydro test is carried out at 1.5X Design Pressure.Holding time for Piping spools is normally 30 minutes but at times 4-6 hours for Gas applications.Can this be held for 24 hours?What is the potential risk?It is normally indicated that after Hydro inspection for 10-30 minutes at 1.5X Design Pressure,if you intend doing further inspection then same can be done at a pressure not more than the design pressure.Opinion of the group is being sought thro this mail Regards Aarpee CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE This e-mail and any attachments there to contain information, which is confidential, proprietary, privileged and/or protected from disclosure by intellectual property rights and are intended for the sole use of the recipient(s) named above. If you are not the intended recipient of this message you are hereby notified that any dissemination or copying of this message is strictly prohibited. If you have received this e-mail in error, please notify the sender either by telephone or by e-mail and delete it from any computer. Although this e-mail and any attachments thereto are believed to be free from any virus or other defects, which might affect any computer or IT system, it is the responsibility of the recipient to ensure that they are virus free. We are not liable for any loss or damage arising in any way from receipt or use there of. Thank you. --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
The holding period depends on the time needed for inspecting the system thoroughly. Minimum is 10 minutes. Especially the gas tests calls for 100% weld and mechanical joints being examined. Also we have to ensure the limits of test pressure defined by individual components also to be taken care not to damage the components for eg. the soft seating or lining or to replace them with pipe spools. To my info the repeated call for Hydrostatic test on the same system, the pressure need not be changed from the code to its design pressure as most of the case if any major leaks are identified, the test is performed again at the same pressure and not to reduced pressure. It is independent of the holding time. Holding time risk are purely defined by inspecting time and the in-line components and not of the piping components. It is a usual practice to remove all in-line components which has reduced testing pressure conditions. The maximum test pressure is the pressure at which the pipe reaches its yield stress. In most of the cases the problems can be tracked back to the original thickness calc of the piping system where in somecases you may find the thickness not sufficient to take the test pressures but will suit the design pressure. When you design the piping class for rating condition you may have some margins to accommodate the test pressure but not always especially in the larger size range above 24". This makes the site testing team to reduce the test pressure adjusting to actual pipes purchased and being used and of the elevation impact of the system. Also piping connected with vessels pose a diff. situation and defining the test pressures requires a different judgement as the approach differs from company to company. Most important thing is to question the need of hydrotest for a system to process dept. who defines the requirement. Regards, Kannan. Aarpee <ramprasad.chari@gmail.com> Sent by: materials-welding@googlegroups.com 24/10/2008 08:29 Please respond to materials-welding@googlegroups.com | | To | "Materials & Welding" <materials-welding@googlegroups.com> | cc | | Subject | [MW:1236] Hydro test-max holding period |
| As per B31.3 Hydro test is carried out at 1.5X Design Pressure.Holding time for Piping spools is normally 30 minutes but at times 4-6 hours for Gas applications.Can this be held for 24 hours?What is the potential risk?It is normally indicated that after Hydro inspection for 10-30 minutes at 1.5X Design Pressure,if you intend doing further inspection then same can be done at a pressure not more than the design pressure.Opinion of the group is being sought thro this mail Regards Aarpee --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding-unsubscribe@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/ The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents. -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
Any advice for cast iron welding Sent from Yahoo Mail for iPhone
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