Sunday, August 31, 2014

RE: [MW:21772] RE: Cracks hair line appearing after welding hard facing electrode

Hi ,Suryanarayanan,
 
Some cracks are common with hardfacing alloys, due to their inherently low ductility. This could be minimized by using a Ni-based barrier layer for some type hardfacing alloys (Stellite-6, 12 ).
 
I hope you'll find the information in the attachment as quite useful.
 
What's the type of hardfacing electrode used for weld deposition??
 
Appreciate your response.
 
Thanks
 
 
Pradip Goswami, P.Eng,IWE
Welding & Metallurgical Specialist
Ontario, Canada
 


From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of george.dilintas@gr.bureauveritas.com
Sent: Saturday, August 30, 2014 9:14 AM
To: materials-welding
Subject: Re: [MW:21764] RE: Cracks hair line apprearing after welding hard facing electrode

You mean residual stresses cracks
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas
Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: Kannayeram Gnanapandithan [kgpandithan@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/30/2014 10:19 AM ZE5B
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: Re: [MW:21758] RE: Cracks hair line apprearing after welding hard facing electrode


it is stress relief cracks

THANKS & BEST REGARDS
KG.PANDITHAN, AWS-CWI, CSWIP 3.1
CONSULTANT-WELDING & QUALITY


On Sat, Aug 30, 2014 at 10:02 AM, jsn <jsn@cal2.vsnl.net.in> wrote:
Dear ,
 
Can please explain why hair line cracks are appearing after welding with ahand facing electrode
 
I have used a build up electrode  layer - 2
and 1 or two layers with hard facing electrode  a hair line crack at varius intervals.
 
I am informed that since it is hardfacing electrode hair line cracks will appear
 
= s p raman=
J.Suryanarayanan

 

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Re: [MW:21774] Pipe to shell Welding

please refer this clause in sec IX...
QW-211 BASE METAL
The base metals may consist of either plate, pipe, or
other product forms. Qualification in plate also qualifies
for pipe welding and vice versa. The dimensions of the test
coupon shall be sufficient to provide the required test
specimens.


Regards
suryakant 


On Sat, Aug 30, 2014 at 4:14 PM, <george.dilintas@gr.bureauveritas.com> wrote:

Could be done on plate
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas
Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: Gopalakrishnan G [gopal2408@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/30/2014 01:11 AM MST
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: [MW:21759] Pipe to shell Welding


Dear Experts
I have to weld Pipe ( size DN 50 ) to Shell ( Thickness 25). Whether Welding Procedure qualification to be done on Pipe or plate? Please Specify how to qualify?

Material - Pipe (ANSI B36.10) , Size - DN 50 (60.3 mm) and 5.54 mm thick
                shell ( SA 515 Gr 70) , Thickness - 25 mm

Code Reference : ASME Sec 8

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Re: [MW:21773] Which is Suitable consumable (Filler wire and Flux) for SA 516 Gr 70 plate

Thank you reply,
 please clarify if i select EM12K-F7A8 for PQR what kind of problem will come

 
Thanks & Regards,
 
Mohamed


On Saturday, 30 August 2014 8:58 AM, Kannayeram Gnanapandithan <kgpandithan@gmail.com> wrote:


F7A2-EH14

THANKS & BEST REGARDS
KG.PANDITHAN, AWS-CWI, CSWIP 3.1
CONSULTANT-WELDING & QUALITY


On Sat, Aug 30, 2014 at 8:43 AM, Perumal Govindan <perumalgovindan@gmail.com> wrote:

Yes you can choose the same
On Friday, August 22, 2014, 'Mohamed ali' via Materials & Welding <materials-welding@googlegroups.com> wrote:
> pls  ignore previous mail
>
> Dear Expert 
> Which is Suitable consumable (Filler wire and Flux) for SA 516 Gr 70 plate for Tank welding by Automatic Girth welding, SAW process.  No PWHT.
> i have suggest EM12K - F7A8, Is it correct or wrong.  
>
>  
> Thanks & Regards,
>  
> Mohamed 
>
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Thank You and Regards
 
P Govindan
Mobile: +919643152414
Direct : +911294291200

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Re: [MW:21771] Soaking time as qualified.

Since there is no impact test requirement QW-407.1 applies. Then since your temperature range is unaffected you do not need a new PQR.
If impact test was required then you would need a new PQR since QW-407.2 applies and time range is a variable for qualification
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas
Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: Ansari intekhab alam [ansari.ndt@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/31/2014 09:24 AM ZE5B
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: Re: [MW:21767] Soaking time as qualified.


Mr Dilintas
Can you pls explain us why?

Intekhab Alam Ansari
Lead Engineer QA/QC
RIL J3 Expansion Project
MTF/RTF Area

On 30 Aug 2014 18:43, <george.dilintas@gr.bureauveritas.com> wrote:

No
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas
Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: Original Man [aumpiem@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/29/2014 04:36 AM MST
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: [MW:21753] Soaking time as qualified.


Dear Sir

Please you help me to clarify.

Concerning we had prepared PQR is A333 Gr.6 (MDMT is -46 c) thickness 25 mm normally should be soaking time as 1 hr. But i want to it cover range 2t (50 mm thk.) so i had soaking time is 2 hrs.

Question If we welding pipe thickness 25 mm. Can be PWHT as 1 hr or not ?      Or should be soaking time is in accordance with PQR as qualified ? 

 Ref. ASME IX

Adisak

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Re: [MW:21770] RE: Cracks hair line apprearing after welding hard facing electrode

Usually hard facing  followed with hair cracks after cooling but you can repair with some high tensile electrodes depending on the hardness 
check also for Preheating and PWHT is carried out properly Is recommended with high hardness and tough metals

Regards,
H.A


On Sunday, August 31, 2014 7:57 AM, Mahantesh Loni <mahantloni@gmail.com> wrote:


This is quite normal in hard facing welding
On 30-Aug-2014 10:07 am, "jsn" <jsn@cal2.vsnl.net.in> wrote:
Dear ,
 
Can please explain why hair line cracks are appearing after welding with ahand facing electrode
 
I have used a build up electrode  layer - 2
and 1 or two layers with hard facing electrode  a hair line crack at varius intervals.
 
I am informed that since it is hardfacing electrode hair line cracks will appear
 
= s p raman=
J.Suryanarayanan

 
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Re: [MW:21767] Soaking time as qualified.

Mr Dilintas
Can you pls explain us why?

Intekhab Alam Ansari
Lead Engineer QA/QC
RIL J3 Expansion Project
MTF/RTF Area

On 30 Aug 2014 18:43, <george.dilintas@gr.bureauveritas.com> wrote:

No
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas
Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: Original Man [aumpiem@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/29/2014 04:36 AM MST
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: [MW:21753] Soaking time as qualified.


Dear Sir

Please you help me to clarify.

Concerning we had prepared PQR is A333 Gr.6 (MDMT is -46 c) thickness 25 mm normally should be soaking time as 1 hr. But i want to it cover range 2t (50 mm thk.) so i had soaking time is 2 hrs.

Question If we welding pipe thickness 25 mm. Can be PWHT as 1 hr or not ?      Or should be soaking time is in accordance with PQR as qualified ? 

 Ref. ASME IX

Adisak

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Saturday, August 30, 2014

Re: [MW:21767] RE: Cracks hair line apprearing after welding hard facing electrode

Hi
 
They are stress relief checks and are common in hardfacing.
 
Regards
 
Prem Nautiyal
cell: 9769316004


On Saturday, August 30, 2014 10:07 AM, jsn <jsn@cal2.vsnl.net.in> wrote:


Dear ,
 
Can please explain why hair line cracks are appearing after welding with ahand facing electrode
 
I have used a build up electrode  layer - 2
and 1 or two layers with hard facing electrode  a hair line crack at varius intervals.
 
I am informed that since it is hardfacing electrode hair line cracks will appear
 
= s p raman=
J.Suryanarayanan

 
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Re: [MW:21769] RE: Cracks hair line apprearing after welding hard facing electrode

This is quite normal in hard facing welding

On 30-Aug-2014 10:07 am, "jsn" <jsn@cal2.vsnl.net.in> wrote:
Dear ,
 
Can please explain why hair line cracks are appearing after welding with ahand facing electrode
 
I have used a build up electrode  layer - 2
and 1 or two layers with hard facing electrode  a hair line crack at varius intervals.
 
I am informed that since it is hardfacing electrode hair line cracks will appear
 
= s p raman=
J.Suryanarayanan

 

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Re: [MW:21766] Welder Qualification

1. Welder qualified for GTAW of cs is qualified to do ss welding (see QW-356, QW-433- no essential variable for performance qualification is changed), but the reverse will not be true, unless the cs welding is done with purging. This is not true for SMAW however, where the F-No for cs and ss consumables are different and hence this (change from cs to ss) will constitute a change in essential variable, needing re-qualification.


2. ASME B&PV Section IX does not explicitly call for tack welder qualifications, because that is generally specified in the design and construction code, which has referred to ASME Section IX for qualifications. For example, see para.328.5.1 (c), ASME B31.3, which states explicitly that "Tack welds at the root of the joint shall be made with filler metal equivalent to that used in the root pass. Tack welds shall be made by a qualified welder or welding operator. Tack welds shall be fused with the root pass weld, except that those which have cracked shall be removed. Bridge tacks (above the weld) shall be removed". Code interpretations are interpretations of the code requirements by the code committee and therefore are valid as long as the referred clause still exists in the current version/edition of the code. Sometimes, interpretations lead the code committee to make changes to the code by incorporating revision so that there is no further ambiguity in the interpretation, whereas in other instances it clarifies the intent of code with regards to specific requirements. The referred to interpretation is valid in this instance and implies that you cannot qualify a tack welder to ASME Section IX by just using him to tack weld in a welder performance test welded by another welder. It clarifies the intent that even tack welders need to weld full coupons meeting all requirements of ASME Section IX including all test requirements. AWS D1.1 para.4.2.2.2, 4.2.3.2, 4.19.1.2, 4.19.2.2 and 4.20.2 specify and define tack welder qualifications. 


3. No.




On 30 August 2014 16:10, <george.dilintas@gr.bureauveritas.com> wrote:

Interpretations are not Code.
This is well known
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas


Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: "rajesh s. mhaske ,Engineer Welding ,PUNE,INDIA" [rajesh.mhaske17@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/29/2014 09:04 PM MST
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: Re: [MW:21746] Welder Qualification


Dear sir
 Plz refer Following
QW-301.2 Qualification Tests.
 Each manufacturer or contractor shall qualify each welder or welding operator for each welding process to be used in production welding and also refer following Interpretation

Interpretation: IX-77-04

Subject:             Section IX, Tack Welder Qualification

Date Issued:      January 31, 1977

File:                  NA

 

   Question:  May a welder be qualified as a tack welder if his tack welds were a part of another

welder's qualification test coupon or part of another welding procedure qualification test which

met the intent of the Code?

 

   Reply:  The Code requires that all welders, (including tack welders), must be qualified per

Section IX.



On Saturday, August 30, 2014 12:25:36 AM UTC+5:30, George Dilintas wrote:

You will not find in the Code the term "tack welder".
The Code is addressing only tack welds. "Tack Welders" are not addressed by the Code.
If tack welds remain in place, then they have to be performed by qualified welders

    best regards

    Dr. Georgios Dilintas

    Authorized Nuclear Inspector
    Authorized Inspector Supervisor


    I&F REGIONAL TECHNICAL MANAGER
    BUREAU VERITAS HELLAS

    Tel: +30 210 40 63 113/4
    Fax: +30 210 40 63 118
    Cell: +30 69 44 64 62 04
    (See attached file: Dilintas_George.vcf)

Inactive hide details for Kannayeram Gnanapandithan ---29/08/2014 06:05:44---tack welder qualification is not mandatory as per Kannayeram Gnanapandithan ---29/08/2014 06:05:44---tack welder qualification is not mandatory as per ASME Sec 9 THANKS & BEST REGARDS

From: Kannayeram Gnanapandithan <kgpan...@gmail.com>
To: materials-welding <material...@googlegroups.com>
Date: 29/08/2014 06:05
Subject: Re: [MW:21739] Welder Qualification
Sent by: material...@googlegroups.com




tack welder qualification is not mandatory as per ASME Sec 9

THANKS & BEST REGARDS
KG.PANDITHAN, AWS-CWI, CSWIP 3.1
CONSULTANT-WELDING & QUALITY


On Mon, Aug 25, 2014 at 8:05 PM, Shridev Kurup <shridevk20@gmail.com> wrote:

    Tack.1 ..Removal type no need because that potrion welded by unqualified welder does not going to be included in final weld.

    Tack 2.Non removable type  Qualified welder required as per code.

    So it is important you note what type of tacking is ongoing. Like...Bridge tack or something else. Again manufacturer can say they going to remove these unqualified welder welded tacks during the welding.

    Regards
    Shridev

    On 25 Aug 2014 17:12, "Dhanabal Jalachandran" <dhanabal.jalachandrann@gmail.com> wrote:

      Dear,

      Regarding point 2, as you have said, 

      The tack welding is going to be removed.? so the welder may or may not be qualified.? Kindly suggest.

      Point 2-As per code you need to qualified welder for tack weld also because it depends whether tack become part of welding aur you are going to remove it also material, service conditions of equipment.

      BR
      Dhanabal Jalachandran


      On Mon, Aug 25, 2014 at 12:14 PM, Mohit Aggarwal <aggarwalmohit05@gmail.com> wrote:

        Dear,

        Point 1 If a welder is qualified in CS for GTAW process then he is qualified for SS with gas backing Argon because for GTAW process deletion of gas backing is essential variable if you carefully go through CODE and for GTAW filler wire SS and CS
        both falls in F NO 6 AS given in code. So CS qualified welder cam make weld in SS and for P no welder is qualified to weld in P1-P15, P34, P41-P43 etc. As per code.

        Point 2-As per code you need to qualified welder for tack weld also because it depends whether tack become part of welding aur you are going to remove it also material, service conditions of equipment.

        Point the 3-If both codes requiement filled and after client approval welder is qualified.
        Best Regards,
        Mohit Aggarwal.

        On 25-Aug-2014 2:10 PM, "Dhanabal Jalachandran" <dhanabal.jalachandrann@gmail.com> wrote:

          Gent's,

          Kindly need your advice to clear one issue based on Welder Qualification.? These questions were asked to me yesterday in Aramco Interview.
          • If a welder is qualified with CS, can he weld SS.? ( i answered he cannot as F4 and F5 doesn't allow as per ASME Sec IX), but the interviewer told me it can be welded in GTAW with some kind of Gas i forgot the name of it. but i have gone through all the reference code i dont find any as P number and F number are essential variable.
          • Welder requires tack welding qualification in ASME Sec IX or AWS D 1.1.? As per ASME Sec IX all the welders need to be qualified. As our company manufactures only Tanks and Vessels not much involved with AWS D 1.1, is there any applicable stuff where specifically welder needs to be qualified for Tank welding if he is not qualified welder.??
          • If a welder is qualified with ASME Sec IX, can he weld the jobs with the code based on AWS D 1.1.? I have answered yes it's possible as the requirements need to be followed, i.e., Essential variable, Client approval as per AWS D 1.1 Clause 4.2.2.1
           
          Regards
          Dhanabal Jalachandran

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      Regards
      Dhanabal Jalachandran

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Re: [MW:21765] Pipe to shell Welding

Could be done on plate
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas
Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: Gopalakrishnan G [gopal2408@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/30/2014 01:11 AM MST
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: [MW:21759] Pipe to shell Welding


Dear Experts
I have to weld Pipe ( size DN 50 ) to Shell ( Thickness 25). Whether Welding Procedure qualification to be done on Pipe or plate? Please Specify how to qualify?

Material - Pipe (ANSI B36.10) , Size - DN 50 (60.3 mm) and 5.54 mm thick
                shell ( SA 515 Gr 70) , Thickness - 25 mm

Code Reference : ASME Sec 8

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Re: [MW:21764] RE: Cracks hair line apprearing after welding hard facing electrode

You mean residual stresses cracks
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas
Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: Kannayeram Gnanapandithan [kgpandithan@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/30/2014 10:19 AM ZE5B
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: Re: [MW:21758] RE: Cracks hair line apprearing after welding hard facing electrode


it is stress relief cracks

THANKS & BEST REGARDS
KG.PANDITHAN, AWS-CWI, CSWIP 3.1
CONSULTANT-WELDING & QUALITY


On Sat, Aug 30, 2014 at 10:02 AM, jsn <jsn@cal2.vsnl.net.in> wrote:
Dear ,
 
Can please explain why hair line cracks are appearing after welding with ahand facing electrode
 
I have used a build up electrode  layer - 2
and 1 or two layers with hard facing electrode  a hair line crack at varius intervals.
 
I am informed that since it is hardfacing electrode hair line cracks will appear
 
= s p raman=
J.Suryanarayanan

 

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Re: [MW:21763] Soaking time as qualified.

No
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas
Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: Original Man [aumpiem@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/29/2014 04:36 AM MST
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: [MW:21753] Soaking time as qualified.


Dear Sir

Please you help me to clarify.

Concerning we had prepared PQR is A333 Gr.6 (MDMT is -46 c) thickness 25 mm normally should be soaking time as 1 hr. But i want to it cover range 2t (50 mm thk.) so i had soaking time is 2 hrs.

Question If we welding pipe thickness 25 mm. Can be PWHT as 1 hr or not ?      Or should be soaking time is in accordance with PQR as qualified ? 

 Ref. ASME IX

Adisak

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Re: [MW:21762] Welder Qualification

Interpretations are not Code.
This is well known
Best regards
Dr Georgios Dilintas
Authorized Nuclear Inspector
Authorized Inspector Supervisor
HBS Regional Technical Manager


  From: "rajesh s. mhaske ,Engineer Welding ,PUNE,INDIA" [rajesh.mhaske17@gmail.com]
  Sent: 08/29/2014 09:04 PM MST
  To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
  Subject: Re: [MW:21746] Welder Qualification


Dear sir
 Plz refer Following
QW-301.2 Qualification Tests.
 Each manufacturer or contractor shall qualify each welder or welding operator for each welding process to be used in production welding and also refer following Interpretation

Interpretation: IX-77-04

Subject:             Section IX, Tack Welder Qualification

Date Issued:      January 31, 1977

File:                  NA

 

   Question:  May a welder be qualified as a tack welder if his tack welds were a part of another

welder's qualification test coupon or part of another welding procedure qualification test which

met the intent of the Code?

 

   Reply:  The Code requires that all welders, (including tack welders), must be qualified per

Section IX.



On Saturday, August 30, 2014 12:25:36 AM UTC+5:30, George Dilintas wrote:

You will not find in the Code the term "tack welder".
The Code is addressing only tack welds. "Tack Welders" are not addressed by the Code.
If tack welds remain in place, then they have to be performed by qualified welders

    best regards

    Dr. Georgios Dilintas

    Authorized Nuclear Inspector
    Authorized Inspector Supervisor


    I&F REGIONAL TECHNICAL MANAGER
    BUREAU VERITAS HELLAS

    Tel: +30 210 40 63 113/4
    Fax: +30 210 40 63 118
    Cell: +30 69 44 64 62 04
    (See attached file: Dilintas_George.vcf)

Inactive hide details for Kannayeram Gnanapandithan ---29/08/2014 06:05:44---tack welder qualification is not mandatory as per Kannayeram Gnanapandithan ---29/08/2014 06:05:44---tack welder qualification is not mandatory as per ASME Sec 9 THANKS & BEST REGARDS

From: Kannayeram Gnanapandithan <kgpan...@gmail.com>
To: materials-welding <material...@googlegroups.com>
Date: 29/08/2014 06:05
Subject: Re: [MW:21739] Welder Qualification
Sent by: material...@googlegroups.com




tack welder qualification is not mandatory as per ASME Sec 9

THANKS & BEST REGARDS
KG.PANDITHAN, AWS-CWI, CSWIP 3.1
CONSULTANT-WELDING & QUALITY


On Mon, Aug 25, 2014 at 8:05 PM, Shridev Kurup <shridevk20@gmail.com> wrote:

    Tack.1 ..Removal type no need because that potrion welded by unqualified welder does not going to be included in final weld.

    Tack 2.Non removable type  Qualified welder required as per code.

    So it is important you note what type of tacking is ongoing. Like...Bridge tack or something else. Again manufacturer can say they going to remove these unqualified welder welded tacks during the welding.

    Regards
    Shridev

    On 25 Aug 2014 17:12, "Dhanabal Jalachandran" <dhanabal.jalachandrann@gmail.com> wrote:

      Dear,

      Regarding point 2, as you have said, 

      The tack welding is going to be removed.? so the welder may or may not be qualified.? Kindly suggest.

      Point 2-As per code you need to qualified welder for tack weld also because it depends whether tack become part of welding aur you are going to remove it also material, service conditions of equipment.

      BR
      Dhanabal Jalachandran


      On Mon, Aug 25, 2014 at 12:14 PM, Mohit Aggarwal <aggarwalmohit05@gmail.com> wrote:

        Dear,

        Point 1 If a welder is qualified in CS for GTAW process then he is qualified for SS with gas backing Argon because for GTAW process deletion of gas backing is essential variable if you carefully go through CODE and for GTAW filler wire SS and CS
        both falls in F NO 6 AS given in code. So CS qualified welder cam make weld in SS and for P no welder is qualified to weld in P1-P15, P34, P41-P43 etc. As per code.

        Point 2-As per code you need to qualified welder for tack weld also because it depends whether tack become part of welding aur you are going to remove it also material, service conditions of equipment.

        Point the 3-If both codes requiement filled and after client approval welder is qualified.
        Best Regards,
        Mohit Aggarwal.

        On 25-Aug-2014 2:10 PM, "Dhanabal Jalachandran" <dhanabal.jalachandrann@gmail.com> wrote:

          Gent's,

          Kindly need your advice to clear one issue based on Welder Qualification.? These questions were asked to me yesterday in Aramco Interview.
          • If a welder is qualified with CS, can he weld SS.? ( i answered he cannot as F4 and F5 doesn't allow as per ASME Sec IX), but the interviewer told me it can be welded in GTAW with some kind of Gas i forgot the name of it. but i have gone through all the reference code i dont find any as P number and F number are essential variable.
          • Welder requires tack welding qualification in ASME Sec IX or AWS D 1.1.? As per ASME Sec IX all the welders need to be qualified. As our company manufactures only Tanks and Vessels not much involved with AWS D 1.1, is there any applicable stuff where specifically welder needs to be qualified for Tank welding if he is not qualified welder.??
          • If a welder is qualified with ASME Sec IX, can he weld the jobs with the code based on AWS D 1.1.? I have answered yes it's possible as the requirements need to be followed, i.e., Essential variable, Client approval as per AWS D 1.1 Clause 4.2.2.1
           
          Regards
          Dhanabal Jalachandran

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      Dhanabal Jalachandran

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[MW:34820] RE: 34813] Clarification in Rate of heating and cooling.

Hello,   Please see the response below.   Regards.   P. Goswami, P. Eng, IWE.   From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com <materials-weld...