Sunday, July 31, 2011

Re: [MW:12015] Roller marks

Dear Navaneetha kumar,
 
It is not clear for what application the pipe is ?????????
 
If the pipe is for High Pressure line then it should be REJECTED.
 
Regards
 
Abdul Jabbar Khan

--- On Sun, 31/7/11, navanee kumar <dnkuit@gmail.com> wrote:

From: navanee kumar <dnkuit@gmail.com>
Subject: [MW:12001] Roller marks
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Date: Sunday, 31 July, 2011, 2:20 PM


Dear Experts,

Is it acceptable roller marks on the pipe?

Please find attached photographs.




 
Thanks&Regards,
Navaneethakumar.D.
+971505583738

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12014] Single bevel PQR can we use as backweld

Dear Bharat,
 
The F.No for E7018  is 4
 
The F.No for E6010 is 3
 
Hence Change in F Number is Essential Variable. For change in Essential Variable Requalification of PQR is Required. you cant make WPS for E7018 only. 
 
Hope the answer to your question .
 
Regards
 
Abdul Jabbar Khan


--- On Sun, 31/7/11, BHARAT GOLE <bharatgole@hotmail.com> wrote:

From: BHARAT GOLE <bharatgole@hotmail.com>
Subject: [MW:12003] Single bevel PQR can we use as backweld
To: "Material Welding" <materials-welding@googlegroups.com>
Date: Sunday, 31 July, 2011, 4:54 PM

 I have PQR with for single bevel with E6010 root & E7018 for fill & Cap as per ASME IX
Can I prepare WPS with back weld with help of same PQR.....only using E7018 ?
Expert your comments pl with ref to ASME Clause
Regards
Bharat


 
--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12013] gas purging

Dear all,
can anybody tell while S.S& CU-NI ALLOYS welding GTAW process purging need to check oxygen percentage is required.
the asme B31.3 & ASME section IX says anything about how much allowable percentage of oxygen content .
tour valluable inputs highly appreciated.
 
Regards
ANTONY

On Sun, Jul 31, 2011 at 9:11 AM, kannayeram gnanapandithan <kgpandithan@gmail.com> wrote:
Gas purging is not required for SMAW /FCAW process, that is it is depend on process also
bare wire welding process like TIG/PAW/GMAW, purging is required
Pandithan
Cethar Ltd
Trichy

On Sat, Jul 30, 2011 at 7:29 AM, sudhakar kuppuswamy <mechsudhakar@gmail.com> wrote:
Gas Purging is done to avoid oxidation during welding. Gas purging is Mandatory to all material which responds to oxidation during welding  irrespective of process.. generally  when the Cr content exceeds more that 2.5 % in overall composition of a particular material inert gas purging should be done before welding.... I don't think by using  MIG process   we can avoid puring!!!

Mr Prasad can I know for what material your talking about???  

regards
sudhakar.k

 n Fri, Jul 29, 2011 at 8:41 PM, abdul khan <abdul_khan2010@yahoo.co.in> wrote:
Dear Prasad
Gas purging is done only on P number 5 and above base metal , purging is not based on welding process or type.
 
I hope the answer to your  question.
 
Regards
ABDUL JABBAR KHAN

--- On Fri, 29/7/11, Prasu Cutie <pracuty@gmail.com> wrote:

From: Prasu Cutie <pracuty@gmail.com>
Subject: [MW:11977] gas purging
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Date: Friday, 29 July, 2011, 5:01 PM


Why gas purging is not mandatory for MIG welding as it is mostly used for TIG welding?

In MIG welding i found contamination is very lass as compared to TIG welding without purging.

Can any one clarify me??????


Regards
Prasad


--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
With regards,
Sudhakar.k

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12012] Roller marks

Mr Navaneethakumar,

                  Please can you  give more details like design code,service condition. design temperature and pressure.

if the  service condition are   high pressure&temperature  then these are not acceptable..!!

if it is normal  pressure  and temperature depends on service condition you  can make your  judgement and accepted..!! 

simply rejecting is not a correct solution always !!!!


with regards,
sudhakar.k

On Sun, Jul 31, 2011 at 2:20 PM, navanee kumar <dnkuit@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear Experts,

Is it acceptable roller marks on the pipe?

Please find attached photographs.




 
Thanks&Regards,
Navaneethakumar.D.
+971505583738

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
With regards,
Sudhakar.k

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12011] Digest for materials-welding@googlegroups.com - 6 Messagesin 4 Topics

Join Laser Online group and u will be Able to get all Info u want Girotra





Sent on my BlackBerry® from Vodafone


From: materials-welding+noreply@googlegroups.com
Sender: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Date: Sun, 31 Jul 2011 05:03:45 +0000
To: Digest Recipients<materials-welding+digest@googlegroups.com>
ReplyTo: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Subject: [MW:11995] Digest for materials-welding@googlegroups.com - 6 Messages in 4 Topics

Group: http://groups.google.com/group/materials-welding/topics

    ashish yadav <yadavashish018@gmail.com> Jul 30 11:55AM +0530 ^
     
    Hello experts
     
    I have two questions:-
    1. How to calculate penetration and upper and lower weld width in laser
    welding analytically (not by experiment), if you know the beam power, focal
    position, spot diameter at focal position and focal length.
    2.In experiment of laser welding i seen that if i am focusing the laser beam
    inside the material it is giving me less penetration rather than focusing
    well above the material. How can it be justified?
     
    waiting for your valuable suggestions.
     
    --
    Regards
    Ashish Yadav
    Institute for plasma research

     

    Harish Kannepalli <harishkannepalli@gmail.com> Jul 30 08:23PM +0400 ^
     
    Please refer W.M. Steen-Laser Processing of Materials
     
    2011/7/30 ashish yadav <yadavashish018@gmail.com>
     
     
    --
    regards,
    Harish.

     

    tahir alam <tahiralam007@gmail.com> Jul 30 08:35AM +0300 ^
     
    Hello
    Can anybody help me to prepare WPS and PQR of CS plate of thickness 6.3mm
    and process is SMAW...........pls anybody help me ,

     

    Dinesh Somwanshi <som.din@gmail.com> Jul 30 10:24AM +0300 ^
     
    can you tell me you will qualify your wps as per code?
    aws d1-1 or asme 9
     
     

     

    kalyan vvv <vvvkalli@gmail.com> Jul 30 11:05AM +0530 ^
     
    Dear abdul,
    if the welder qualifies in 6G position to maximum thickness
    (more than 13mm). that welder is qualified in 4G position on plate also upto
    maximum thickness.
     
     
    --
    *THANKS & REGARDS*
    * *
    *KALYAN VVV*
    *WELDING ENGINEER *
    *HYDERABAD
    **Mob.NO- 09885273257*

     

    kalyan vvv <vvvkalli@gmail.com> Jul 30 11:00AM +0530 ^
     
    Dear experts,
    Please solve my doubts
    Could u please explain
    1) Is their any relation between Preheating/ Post
    heating/interpass temp to Tensile strength?
    2) metallurgically what will happen when bead width and
    bead thickness increases in SAW process? Is this any effect to tensile
    strength?
     
     
     
    --
    *THANKS & REGARDS*
    * *
    *KALYAN VVV*
    *WELDING ENGINEER *
    *HYDERABAD
    **Mob.NO- 09885273257*

     

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12010] FILLET WELD QUALIFICATION BY BUTT WELD AS PER API 1104

yes ,consider the position also.

regards


On Sun, Jul 31, 2011 at 4:26 PM, Mahmoud <mqreis@gmail.com> wrote:
Yes

Regards
Mahmoud Qreis

On Jul 31, 2011, at 12:39 PM, "NAJM UL ISLAM" <najmislam246@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear Experts,

Greetings,

 

Can somebody advise me that if a welder is qualified for butt weld either in 5G position (Pipe horizontal) or 2G position (Pipe Vertical) whether  he will be qualified for fillet welds or not.

 

Thanks & Regards

 

NAJM UL ISLAM

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12009] Roller marks

Dear Navneet,

First of all this pipes are conforming to which code and standard?

U may check the thickness of the roller marks if it is going beyond your minimum thickness requirement then not acceptable.

If not than there is a provision that surface imperfection may be remvoed by grinding.

Regards

Yash

On Sun, Jul 31, 2011 at 7:17 PM, Suresh <bobsuresh24@gmail.com> wrote:
Mr .Navaneet,
 
If the Code ASME 31.3 ...,as long as the thickness is beyond the 12.5 % of wall thickness..It has  Acceptable ...
 
Go though the wall thickness one by one and make a decision as per ASME 31.3 Code requrement .
 
Thanks
 
Suresh

On Sun, Jul 31, 2011 at 2:20 PM, navanee kumar <dnkuit@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear Experts,

Is it acceptable roller marks on the pipe?

Please find attached photographs.




 
Thanks&Regards,
Navaneethakumar.D.
+971505583738

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
Thanks  & Best Regards,

Suresh

Mobile No: 91-92 92 905 905


--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12008] FILLET WELD QUALIFICATION BY BUTT WELD AS PER API 1104

Mr.Islam ,
 
Your query is not correct ...5G position tells you that pipe is rotating but electrode is constant at 45 degrees
                                        2G position is tells you that pipe should be horizontal  position ..not in vertical ...
 
If the welder is qualified in buttwelds in limited thickness ...welder can qualify for all filletwelds ..unlimited thickness..
 
Thanks
 
Suresh
On Sun, Jul 31, 2011 at 2:09 PM, NAJM UL ISLAM <najmislam246@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear Experts,

Greetings,

 

Can somebody advise me that if a welder is qualified for butt weld either in 5G position (Pipe horizontal) or 2G position (Pipe Vertical) whether  he will be qualified for fillet welds or not.

 

Thanks & Regards

 

NAJM UL ISLAM

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
Thanks  & Best Regards,

Suresh

Mobile No: 91-92 92 905 905

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12006] Roller marks

Mr .Navaneet,
 
If the Code ASME 31.3 ...,as long as the thickness is beyond the 12.5 % of wall thickness..It has  Acceptable ...
 
Go though the wall thickness one by one and make a decision as per ASME 31.3 Code requrement .
 
Thanks
 
Suresh

On Sun, Jul 31, 2011 at 2:20 PM, navanee kumar <dnkuit@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear Experts,

Is it acceptable roller marks on the pipe?

Please find attached photographs.




 
Thanks&Regards,
Navaneethakumar.D.
+971505583738

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
Thanks  & Best Regards,

Suresh

Mobile No: 91-92 92 905 905

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12006] Single bevel PQR can we use as backweld

Dear,
 
You can proceed since addition of backing is non- essential in SMAW & GTAW.
 
Regards
 
Arvinda.

On Sun, Jul 31, 2011 at 3:24 PM, BHARAT GOLE <bharatgole@hotmail.com> wrote:
 I have PQR with for single bevel with E6010 root & E7018 for fill & Cap as per ASME IX
Can I prepare WPS with back weld with help of same PQR.....only using E7018 ?
Expert your comments pl with ref to ASME Clause
Regards
Bharat


 

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:12005] Roller marks

Not acceptable

Regards
Mahmoud Qreis

On Jul 31, 2011, at 12:50 PM, navanee kumar <dnkuit@gmail.com> wrote:


Dear Experts,

Is it acceptable roller marks on the pipe?

Please find attached photographs.




 
Thanks&Regards,
Navaneethakumar.D.
+971505583738

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.
<101_5320.JPG>
<101_5321.JPG>

Re: [MW:12004] FILLET WELD QUALIFICATION BY BUTT WELD AS PER API 1104

Yes

Regards
Mahmoud Qreis

On Jul 31, 2011, at 12:39 PM, "NAJM UL ISLAM" <najmislam246@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear Experts,

Greetings,

 

Can somebody advise me that if a welder is qualified for butt weld either in 5G position (Pipe horizontal) or 2G position (Pipe Vertical) whether  he will be qualified for fillet welds or not.

 

Thanks & Regards

 

NAJM UL ISLAM

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

[MW:12003] Single bevel PQR can we use as backweld

 I have PQR with for single bevel with E6010 root & E7018 for fill & Cap as per ASME IX
Can I prepare WPS with back weld with help of same PQR.....only using E7018 ?
Expert your comments pl with ref to ASME Clause
Regards
Bharat


 

[MW:12002] Minimum thickness range for welder qualification.

Dear experts,

What is the minimum thickness range for welder qualification.

Thank you
MPK

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

[MW:12001] Roller marks


Dear Experts,

Is it acceptable roller marks on the pipe?

Please find attached photographs.




 
Thanks&Regards,
Navaneethakumar.D.
+971505583738

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

[MW:12000] FILLET WELD QUALIFICATION BY BUTT WELD AS PER API 1104

Dear Experts,

Greetings,

 

Can somebody advise me that if a welder is qualified for butt weld either in 5G position (Pipe horizontal) or 2G position (Pipe Vertical) whether  he will be qualified for fillet welds or not.

 

Thanks & Regards

 

NAJM UL ISLAM

Re: [MW:11999] GTAW Vs SMAW

Due to more resistance of SMAW Electrode size and length for current to flow, higher voltage is required
Pandithan
Cethar Ltd
Trichy

On Fri, Jul 29, 2011 at 5:06 PM, Prasu Cutie <pracuty@gmail.com> wrote:
Dear Experts,

for the same current voltages are different for GTAW & SMAW why???  Plz explain

GTAW     90-180A   9-14V


SMAW    90-180A   22-26V


Regards
Prasad

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:11998] gas purging

Gas purging is not required for SMAW /FCAW process, that is it is depend on process also
bare wire welding process like TIG/PAW/GMAW, purging is required
Pandithan
Cethar Ltd
Trichy

On Sat, Jul 30, 2011 at 7:29 AM, sudhakar kuppuswamy <mechsudhakar@gmail.com> wrote:
Gas Purging is done to avoid oxidation during welding. Gas purging is Mandatory to all material which responds to oxidation during welding  irrespective of process.. generally  when the Cr content exceeds more that 2.5 % in overall composition of a particular material inert gas purging should be done before welding.... I don't think by using  MIG process   we can avoid puring!!!

Mr Prasad can I know for what material your talking about???  

regards
sudhakar.k

 n Fri, Jul 29, 2011 at 8:41 PM, abdul khan <abdul_khan2010@yahoo.co.in> wrote:
Dear Prasad
Gas purging is done only on P number 5 and above base metal , purging is not based on welding process or type.
 
I hope the answer to your  question.
 
Regards
ABDUL JABBAR KHAN

--- On Fri, 29/7/11, Prasu Cutie <pracuty@gmail.com> wrote:

From: Prasu Cutie <pracuty@gmail.com>
Subject: [MW:11977] gas purging
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Date: Friday, 29 July, 2011, 5:01 PM


Why gas purging is not mandatory for MIG welding as it is mostly used for TIG welding?

In MIG welding i found contamination is very lass as compared to TIG welding without purging.

Can any one clarify me??????


Regards
Prasad


--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
With regards,
Sudhakar.k

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:11997] relation between preheat or post heating to tensile strength

 

dear all


            I'm   glad to answer to this question, thought it cannot be explained in single mail.

                  

                 Answer for 1st question-By preheating & post heating we have two advantages 1. To avoid hydrogen induced cracking 2. To reduce the cooling rate during solidification of weld metal.

               By reducing the cooling rate we can avoid Martensite (hard structure) formation during weld metal solidification

              Martensite is hard brittle structure ,where the hardness is high, so tensile strength also will be soo high, 

but other required properties like impact strength, ductility are very less and makes the steel not fit for use.

 


          If  the interpass temperature goes high than the required , it many leads to coarse grain formation during weld metal solidification due to slow cooling , Generally coarse grain results in  low toughness and less  tensile strength properties


              Answer for 2nd question-if you increase the bead width or height without preheating the base material , the cooling rate will be less during solidification which results in coarse grain formation , coarse grains will have less tensile and toughness properties.


                 In case of SAW welding due to Excess Bead width &height may lead to excess dilution due to excess heat input.

 

              Excess bead height may leads to distortion also by excess heat input.

 

             Cooling rate during solidification of weld metal governs the final metallurgical structure  of weldmetal,which in turn governs all mechanical properties..!!!

               .( I suggest  to read "Introduction to Physical Metallurgy by  SIDNEY H ANVER " where all the basics metallurgical concepts are clearly explained. )


Regards,

Sudhakar.k

 


On Sat, Jul 30, 2011 at 11:00 AM, kalyan vvv <vvvkalli@gmail.com> wrote:
Dear experts,
                   Please solve my doubts
                   Could u please explain
                   1) Is their any relation between Preheating/ Post heating/interpass temp to Tensile strength?
                   2) metallurgically what will happen when bead width and bead thickness increases in SAW process? Is this any effect to tensile strength?
 
                   

--
THANKS & REGARDS
 
KALYAN VVV
WELDING ENGINEER
HYDERABAD
Mob.NO- 09885273257

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.




--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:11996] How to prepare WPS and PQR

I want to qualify my WPS as per ASME 9

On Sat, Jul 30, 2011 at 10:24 AM, Dinesh Somwanshi <som.din@gmail.com> wrote:
can you tell me you will qualify your wps as per code?
aws d1-1 or asme 9


On Sat, Jul 30, 2011 at 8:35 AM, tahir alam <tahiralam007@gmail.com> wrote:
Hello
Can anybody help me to prepare WPS and PQR of CS plate of thickness 6.3mm and process is SMAW...........pls anybody help me ,

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:11995] AISI 4145

Ashish,

We have in our facility the welding processes like SMAW, SAW, GTAW & GMAW. The reason behind to quality PQR is to weld AISI 4145 Base material for build up and machine back to drawing required dimensions.
Ashish you are right, this material can be used for Tool joints, Drill pipe and Collars manufacturing purposes,because it meets to API minimum Yield strength requirements.


Regards,
Mubeen
+966-565013851



On Fri, Jul 29, 2011 at 9:05 PM, ashish baviskar <ashishqci@gmail.com> wrote:
dear Mubeen,
                        Please tell me which type of welding you are going to use . Whether it is SAW or SMAW or FCAW ? AISI 4145 material are mostly use in API spec 7 , 7-1 products like drill collars, drill pipes , subs etc. and also tell me the application. 


On Fri, Jul 29, 2011 at 10:01 AM, mubeen mubeen <mubeenaws@gmail.com> wrote:
Hi,

Can anybody help me out in order to weld subject base material with appropriate consumables(Electrode or filler wire), along with its preheat and post weld heat treatment temperatures.

Regards,
Mubeen
QA Engineer

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
ASHISH BAVISKAR
SURVEYOR
ABSIV INDIA PVT LTD.
(ABS Consulting )
CONTACT NO: 9222180936

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Saturday, July 30, 2011

Re: [MW:11994] Re:To calculate welding penetration

Please refer W.M. Steen-Laser Processing of Materials

2011/7/30 ashish yadav <yadavashish018@gmail.com>
Hello experts

I have two questions:-
1. How to calculate penetration and upper and lower weld width in laser welding analytically (not by experiment), if you know the beam power, focal position, spot diameter at focal position and focal length.
2.In experiment of laser welding i seen that if i am focusing the laser beam inside the material it is giving me less penetration rather than focusing well above the material. How can it be justified?

waiting for your valuable suggestions.

--
Regards
Ashish Yadav
Institute for plasma research

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
regards,
Harish.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:11993] How to prepare WPS and PQR

can you tell me you will qualify your wps as per code?
aws d1-1 or asme 9


On Sat, Jul 30, 2011 at 8:35 AM, tahir alam <tahiralam007@gmail.com> wrote:
Hello
Can anybody help me to prepare WPS and PQR of CS plate of thickness 6.3mm and process is SMAW...........pls anybody help me ,

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

[MW:11992] Re:To calculate welding penetration

Hello experts

I have two questions:-
1. How to calculate penetration and upper and lower weld width in laser welding analytically (not by experiment), if you know the beam power, focal position, spot diameter at focal position and focal length.
2.In experiment of laser welding i seen that if i am focusing the laser beam inside the material it is giving me less penetration rather than focusing well above the material. How can it be justified?

waiting for your valuable suggestions.

--
Regards
Ashish Yadav
Institute for plasma research

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

[MW:11991] How to prepare WPS and PQR

Hello
Can anybody help me to prepare WPS and PQR of CS plate of thickness 6.3mm and process is SMAW...........pls anybody help me ,

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:11990] Regarding plate welding of unlimited thickness

Dear abdul,
                if the welder qualifies in 6G position to maximum thickness (more than 13mm). that welder is qualified in 4G position on plate also upto maximum thickness.

On Sat, Jul 30, 2011 at 9:09 AM, arvinda shan <arvindashan@gmail.com> wrote:
Dear Mr.Abdul,
 
6G is for position. If he qualifies in 6G position, he can do welding in any position . Reference.....SecIX- QW-461.9
 
For thickness, upto 13 mm thickness , he qualifies 2T. Beyond 13 mm , unlimited thickness.  Reference..... Sec IX -QW-452.1(b)
 
Regards
 
Arvinda.

On Fri, Jul 29, 2011 at 8:19 AM, Suresh <bobsuresh24@gmail.com> wrote:
Mr.Abdul ,
 
Your query is not clear ....Thickness qualification is  depends on weld cupon thickness , not depends on  Position ...
 
If the welder is qualified 6G Position then he can qualify any position but not any thickness..
 
Normally Sex IX , 2T is welder for thickness range qualification
 
Suresh

On Thu, Jul 28, 2011 at 7:32 PM, abdul khan <abdul_khan2010@yahoo.co.in> wrote:
Dear Experts ,
 
If the wleder is  qualifide for 6G test , can he weld the plate of  unlimited thickness ?
or he needs to Qualify 4G test to weld unlimited thickness of plate ?
 
wether the 6G welder is sapose to weld only pipes.
 

awaiting for  welding experts valueable  suggestions ..........

 

Regards

ABDUL JABBAR KHAN

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
Thanks  & Best Regards,

Suresh

Mobile No: 91-92 92 905 905


--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
THANKS & REGARDS
 
KALYAN VVV
WELDING ENGINEER
HYDERABAD
Mob.NO- 09885273257

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

[MW:11989] relation between preheat or post heating to tensile strength

Dear experts,
                   Please solve my doubts
                   Could u please explain
                   1) Is their any relation between Preheating/ Post heating/interpass temp to Tensile strength?
                   2) metallurgically what will happen when bead width and bead thickness increases in SAW process? Is this any effect to tensile strength?
 
                   

--
THANKS & REGARDS
 
KALYAN VVV
WELDING ENGINEER
HYDERABAD
Mob.NO- 09885273257

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:11988] Regarding plate welding of unlimited thickness

Dear Mr.Abdul,
 
6G is for position. If he qualifies in 6G position, he can do welding in any position . Reference.....SecIX- QW-461.9
 
For thickness, upto 13 mm thickness , he qualifies 2T. Beyond 13 mm , unlimited thickness.  Reference..... Sec IX -QW-452.1(b)
 
Regards
 
Arvinda.

On Fri, Jul 29, 2011 at 8:19 AM, Suresh <bobsuresh24@gmail.com> wrote:
Mr.Abdul ,
 
Your query is not clear ....Thickness qualification is  depends on weld cupon thickness , not depends on  Position ...
 
If the welder is qualified 6G Position then he can qualify any position but not any thickness..
 
Normally Sex IX , 2T is welder for thickness range qualification
 
Suresh

On Thu, Jul 28, 2011 at 7:32 PM, abdul khan <abdul_khan2010@yahoo.co.in> wrote:
Dear Experts ,
 
If the wleder is  qualifide for 6G test , can he weld the plate of  unlimited thickness ?
or he needs to Qualify 4G test to weld unlimited thickness of plate ?
 
wether the 6G welder is sapose to weld only pipes.
 

awaiting for  welding experts valueable  suggestions ..........

 

Regards

ABDUL JABBAR KHAN

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
Thanks  & Best Regards,

Suresh

Mobile No: 91-92 92 905 905


--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:11987] gas purging

Gas Purging is done to avoid oxidation during welding. Gas purging is Mandatory to all material which responds to oxidation during welding  irrespective of process.. generally  when the Cr content exceeds more that 2.5 % in overall composition of a particular material inert gas purging should be done before welding.... I don't think by using  MIG process   we can avoid puring!!!

Mr Prasad can I know for what material your talking about???  

regards
sudhakar.k

 n Fri, Jul 29, 2011 at 8:41 PM, abdul khan <abdul_khan2010@yahoo.co.in> wrote:
Dear Prasad
Gas purging is done only on P number 5 and above base metal , purging is not based on welding process or type.
 
I hope the answer to your  question.
 
Regards
ABDUL JABBAR KHAN

--- On Fri, 29/7/11, Prasu Cutie <pracuty@gmail.com> wrote:

From: Prasu Cutie <pracuty@gmail.com>
Subject: [MW:11977] gas purging
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Date: Friday, 29 July, 2011, 5:01 PM


Why gas purging is not mandatory for MIG welding as it is mostly used for TIG welding?

In MIG welding i found contamination is very lass as compared to TIG welding without purging.

Can any one clarify me??????


Regards
Prasad


--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.



--
With regards,
Sudhakar.k

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

Re: [MW:11986] DOT/DWT qualification

If in your case, conditions require simultaneous operation where one welder may affect another welder, I believe you want to go for a WQT (not PQR) with the same conditions.

However if the job is like welding a pipe and welders are already qualified, that doesn't need a new qualification.

It's up to your judgement...!!!

Ramin  Kondori
   QC/Welding Engineer 
         IWE AT 0070
   



On Fri, Jul 29, 2011 at 7:51 PM, abdul khan <abdul_khan2010@yahoo.co.in> wrote:
Dear Prasu,
 

The simple answer read it carefully.

 

Essential variable: The variable which affects the properties of the weld metal is known as essential variable. Change in essential variable requires requalification of PQR.

 

Welding Technique is Non essential variable and hence will not affect the properties of the weld metal and no requalification of PQR is required.

 

The DOT/DWT technique it will not affect the properties of the weld metal and hence Requalification of PQR is not required nor the welders Requalification required if welders are qualified for suitable position and thickness range of base metal.

AS PER MY KNOWLEDGE

 

Hope the answer to the question

 

Regards

ABDUL JABBAR KHAN  

 
normally for requalification of PQR the
--- On Fri, 29/7/11, Prasu Cutie <pracuty@gmail.com> wrote:

From: Prasu Cutie <pracuty@gmail.com>
Subject: [MW:11976] DOT/DWT qualification
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Date: Friday, 29 July, 2011, 4:57 PM


Dear Experts,
Is welder qualification & PQR qualification is required for DOT/DWT technique????? *(As per Sec.IX)

DOT-- Double operator technique
DWT-- Double welder technique

Awaiting for reply!!!!!!!!!

Regards
prasu
--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

--
To post to this group, send email to materials-welding@googlegroups.com
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to materials-welding+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com
For more options, visit this group's bolg at http://materials-welding.blogspot.com/
The views expressed/exchnaged in this group are members personel views and meant for educational purposes only, Users must take their own decisions w.r.t. applicable code/standard/contract documents.

[MW:34820] RE: 34813] Clarification in Rate of heating and cooling.

Hello,   Please see the response below.   Regards.   P. Goswami, P. Eng, IWE.   From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com <materials-weld...