Thursday, January 31, 2008

[MW:546] Re: SET PRESSURE FOR PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE FOR HYDROTESTING OF POWER PIPING

I think the set pressure is 3% above the test pressure.....Shank

shailesh dave <snd2988@yahoo.com> wrote:
DEAR Mr. RAGHURAM,
 
THANKS FOR THE REPLY.
 
REGARDS,
 
S.N.DAVE

Raghuram Bathula <raghurambathula@gmail.com> wrote:

When conditions require that a pressure test will be maintained for a
period of time during which the testing medium in the system would be
subject to thermal expansion, provision should be made for relief of
excess pressure.

I have no idea about any code requirement but normal practice as per
my experience for Valve Setting Pressure is Test pressure plus
lesser of 10 psi (0.69 Bar a) or 7% of the test pressure



> From: shailesh dave [mailto:snd2...@yahoo.com]
> Sent: Wednesday, January 30, 2008 1:46 PM
> To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
> Subject: Re: [MW:537] Re: 533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8
>
> Dear Members,
>
> Can anybody tell me at what pressure of hydrotest be safety relief valve set. What is the reference code.
>
> Regards,
>
> S.N.Dave
>
> QA/QC Manager
>
> ---------------------------------
> Never miss a thing. Make Yahoo your homepage.

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[MW:545] Re: Hydrotesting of Bellow Seal Valves


Shwani,

Hydrotest of bellow seal valve is carried out with bellows installed. The manufacturer do the low pressure air testing internally to ensure the welds in bellows are free from any leakage. Then the hydrotest of complete body including bellows will be undertaken. The valve is kept open and the bellows will be subject to external pressure.

When conducting the seat closure test the bellow will not see the pressure.
 

Best Regards,

Sanjay Gandhi



desaid@toyoindia.com
Sent by: materials-welding@googlegroups.com

31/01/2008 12:29 PM

Please respond to
materials-welding@googlegroups.com

To
piping_valves@yahoogroups.com
cc
materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Subject
[MW:542] Hydrotesting of Bellow Seal Valves





Dears,


Can any one inform how testing (hydro & pneumatic) of Bellow seal valves are generally carried out? Shell Test & seat test both.

i.e. with bellows or without bellows?


If there is some detailed procedure available of reputed vendor then pls. send.


Thanks & Regards,

Dhwani Desai.

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[MW:544] Ultrasoic Testing of forgings


Dear All

 In many cases forging and girth flanges having thickness more than 100mm are subjected to ultrasonic testing. Regarding this I have couple of queries.

1)      While considering hub type flange which thickness to  be considered for the requirement of ultrasonic testing (i.e. including Hub thickness or excluding hub thickness)?

2)      Is there any clause/reference to exempt the standard (ASME B16.5 & 16.47) flanges from ultrasonic testing ( If its thickness is more than 100mm)?

Please post your reply/comments!

BEST REGARDS
NILESH WAGH
EDTICB-MUMBAI
STATIC-EQUIPMENT DEPT


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[MW:543] IGC Micro Structure Magnification

Instead of 250X magnification on the specimen, where the vendors standard suggests 50X, 100X, 200X, 500X magnification only

 

What we are going to miss when we have 200X micro instead of 250X, or is it makes sense economically to go for 500X specimens?

 

ASTM A262 Practice E suggests the range of 100 to 250X, but the contractual obligation is 250X mandatory. Please share your views


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[MW:542] Hydrotesting of Bellow Seal Valves


Dears,

Can any one inform how testing (hydro & pneumatic) of Bellow seal valves are generally carried out? Shell Test & seat test both.
i.e. with bellows or without bellows?

If there is some detailed procedure available of reputed vendor then pls. send.

Thanks & Regards,
Dhwani Desai. --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~
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[MW:541] Re: SET PRESSURE FOR PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE FOR HYDROTESTING OF POWER PIPING

Safety valve set pressure and system hydrotest pressure both are different concept.Safety valve set pressure is the maximum operating pressure for the particular system while in operation. Whereas the hydrotest pressure is meant to check the integrity of pipeline/vessel after fabrication/carrying modification & repair without using the process fluid. In general the safety valve set pressure is less than the system hydrotest pressure. In old practice hydrotest pressure will be 1.5 times the system design pressure and now it has been reduced to 1.3 times and IBR requirements will vary with ASME requirements.
gopalsankar
DM(INSPECTION)
Raghuram Bathula <raghurambathula@gmail.com> wrote:

When conditions require that a pressure test will be maintained for a
period of time during which the testing medium in the system would be
subject to thermal expansion, provision should be made for relief of
excess pressure.

I have no idea about any code requirement but normal practice as per
my experience for Valve Setting Pressure is Test pressure plus
lesser of 10 psi (0.69 Bar a) or 7% of the test pressure



> From: shailesh dave [mailto:snd2...@yahoo.com]
> Sent: Wednesday, January 30, 2008 1:46 PM
> To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
> Subject: Re: [MW:537] Re: 533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8
>
> Dear Members,
>
> Can anybody tell me at what pressure of hydrotest be safety relief valve set. What is the reference code.
>
> Regards,
>
> S.N.Dave
>
> QA/QC Manager
>
> ---------------------------------
> Never miss a thing. Make Yahoo your homepage.

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Wednesday, January 30, 2008

[MW:540] Re: SET PRESSURE FOR PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE FOR HYDROTESTING OF POWER PIPING

DEAR Mr. RAGHURAM,
 
THANKS FOR THE REPLY.
 
REGARDS,
 
S.N.DAVE

Raghuram Bathula <raghurambathula@gmail.com> wrote:

When conditions require that a pressure test will be maintained for a
period of time during which the testing medium in the system would be
subject to thermal expansion, provision should be made for relief of
excess pressure.

I have no idea about any code requirement but normal practice as per
my experience for Valve Setting Pressure is Test pressure plus
lesser of 10 psi (0.69 Bar a) or 7% of the test pressure



> From: shailesh dave [mailto:snd2...@yahoo.com]
> Sent: Wednesday, January 30, 2008 1:46 PM
> To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
> Subject: Re: [MW:537] Re: 533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8
>
> Dear Members,
>
> Can anybody tell me at what pressure of hydrotest be safety relief valve set. What is the reference code.
>
> Regards,
>
> S.N.Dave
>
> QA/QC Manager
>
> ---------------------------------
> Never miss a thing. Make Yahoo your homepage.

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[MW:539] Re: SET PRESSURE FOR PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE FOR HYDROTESTING OF POWER PIPING

When conditions require that a pressure test will be maintained for a
period of time during which the testing medium in the system would be
subject to thermal expansion, provision should be made for relief of
excess pressure.

I have no idea about any code requirement but normal practice as per
my experience for Valve Setting Pressure is Test pressure plus
lesser of 10 psi (0.69 Bar a) or 7% of the test pressure

> From: shailesh dave [mailto:snd2...@yahoo.com]
> Sent: Wednesday, January 30, 2008 1:46 PM
> To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
> Subject: Re: [MW:537] Re: 533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8
>
> Dear Members,
>
> Can anybody tell me at what pressure of hydrotest be safety relief valve set. What is the reference code.
>
> Regards,
>
> S.N.Dave
>
> QA/QC Manager
>
> ---------------------------------
> Never miss a thing. Make Yahoo your homepage.
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[MW:538] SET PRESSURE FOR PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE FOR HYDROTESTING OF POWER PIPING

Dear Mr Dave
Could you please resend this query with proper subject line? And also in future please don't hit reply button while starting new thread, instead u can create new mail and send to
materials-welding@googlegroups.com
 
Best regards
Raghuram Bathula

From: shailesh dave [mailto:snd2988@yahoo.com]
Sent: Wednesday, January 30, 2008 1:46 PM
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Subject: Re: [MW:537] Re: 533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8
 
Dear Members,
 
Can anybody tell me at what pressure of hydrotest be safety relief valve set. What is the reference code.
 
Regards,
 
S.N.Dave
 
QA/QC Manager
 


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[MW:537] Re: 533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8

This is a typically rare case. You may follow as follows:

1) Buttering on P-11 material by inconnel (ENiCrFe-3 is the most
economical). Minimum thickness should be 4.8 mm.
2) PWHT of the buttering. (Local PWHT is desirable if whole bonnet is not
subject PWHT)
3) Welding of LWN nozzle (I suppose it will be set-on type) onto the
buttering. (Be careful not to touch the base metal P-11 during the final
welding)

If it is not practicable or if process/project specifications allow
indexcriminate PWHT of the SS 321 material, you may avoid buttering (step-2
above)

By the way, what is the design temperature for the Tube-side? (There is
also a restriction in code for inconnel filler.)

Best regards,

Prasad Joshi
e-mail: pjoshi@technip.com
Phone: +971-(0)2-611-6643



gopal sankar
<gopalsankar@yaho
o.com> To
Sent by: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
materials-welding cc
@googlegroups.com
Subject
[MW:536] Re: 533] Filler metal for
30/01/08 07:10 AM P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8


Please respond to
materials-welding
@googlegroups.com


In the above query the thickness of weld neck & nozzle has not been
mentioned and assume that the connection is between the nozzle pipe & weld
neck flange.If there is no PWHT as per design requirements then root as
well as final pass welding can be carried out using ER347 +E347 due to
homogeneuous layer present. Welding final layer with Inconel will not give
have any positive impact rather the chance pf cracking is not ruled out due
to differential thermal expansion of P11+SS347+Inconel.Either full welding
with 347 or Inconel will be a better option.

with regards,
gopalsanakr
DM(ES-Inspn)
CPCL
Chennai

"Bathula Raghuram (Mumbai - PIPING)" <R.Bathula@ticb.com> wrote:
Is this vessel subjected to PWHT?
I assume it should be, also assuming it is a stub in type connection, then
use ER347 + E347 for joining weld overlay portion to LWN (i.e inside weld
of nozzle), and may use Inconel consumables ERNiCr3+ENiCrFe-2/3 for weld
on ouside (i.e fillet joining P11 to F321 neck)

From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
[mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of Desai Jignesh
Sent: Tuesday, January 29, 2008 2:46 PM
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Subject: [MW:533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8

Dear Member,

Can some body give his/her opinion for filler metal of following
condition?

Branch connection (Tube Side) between LWN flange (Material SA 182 F321) to
SR Nozzle (SA 182 F11 CL 2 + Weld Deposit 347 SS).

Service is Hydrogen.

Operating Wall Temperature - Tube Side is IN 372 C & Out 225 C.

Also recommend the filler metal for the first layer of weld deposite.

Thanks in advance

Jignesh

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[MW:536] Re: 533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8

In the above query the thickness of weld neck & nozzle has not been mentioned and assume that the connection is between the nozzle pipe & weld neck flange.If there is no PWHT as per design requirements then root  as well as final pass welding can be carried out using ER347 +E347 due to homogeneuous layer present. Welding final layer with Inconel will not give have any positive impact rather the chance pf cracking is not ruled out due to differential thermal expansion of P11+SS347+Inconel.Either full welding with 347 or Inconel will be a better option.
 
with regards,
gopalsanakr
DM(ES-Inspn)
CPCL
Chennai

"Bathula Raghuram (Mumbai - PIPING)" <R.Bathula@ticb.com> wrote:
Is this vessel subjected to PWHT?
I assume it should be, also assuming it is a stub in type connection, then use ER347 + E347  for joining weld overlay portion to LWN (i.e inside weld of nozzle), and may use Inconel consumables ERNiCr3+ENiCrFe-2/3 for weld on ouside (i.e fillet joining P11 to F321 neck)

From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of Desai Jignesh
Sent: Tuesday, January 29, 2008 2:46 PM
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Subject: [MW:533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8
 
Dear Member,
 
Can some body give his/her opinion for filler metal of following condition?
 
Branch connection (Tube Side) between LWN flange (Material SA 182 F321) to SR Nozzle (SA 182 F11 CL 2 + Weld Deposit 347 SS).
 
Service is Hydrogen.
 
Operating Wall Temperature - Tube Side is IN 372 C & Out 225 C.
 
Also recommend the filler metal for the first layer of weld deposite.
 
Thanks in advance
 
Jignesh
 



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Tuesday, January 29, 2008

[MW:535] RE: 504] Re: 500] RE: 497] Ferrite content limitation for SS316L - BRIEF SUMMERY

Dear Prasad/ Raghu, First, let me thank you for your valuable input.

 

Reference to my original query [MW:497], please find attached brief summery presented to client.

 

This is for reference for all.

 

Best regards,

 

Sunil S. Agrawal


From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of pjoshi@technip.com
Sent: Saturday, January 19, 2008 1:24 PM
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Subject: [MW:504] Re: 500] RE: 497] Ferrite content limitation for SS316L -URGENTMATTER!!

 

Dear sunil,

 

In general, the issue of ferrite content limitation is related to the preventive measures and i many cases, the conservative approach by the client based on some qualitative results during research. I would try to give some information so that your argument to dilute the client requirement may be fruitful.

 

In general, the ferrite content in weld metal depends on the chemical composition and the heat input during the welding. For 316 grade of material the ferrite control may be necessary for the following reason only:

a)    High temperature (500 deg. C+)application: If the fluid conditions are such that the material is exposed to higher temperature for longer period, that may cause sigma-phase generated from ferrite.

b)    Corrosive fluid with higher stress: The corrosive fluids (oxidizing acids/chlorides) + high pressure application that may cause stress corrosion cracking in austenitic ss. The oxidizing acids include the nitric acid/nitrates/sulphuric acid, etc.)

Under the above context, it is better to understand the process conditions and subsequently, the real reason for ferrite control. And ultimately, you may ask for a selective implementation of this requirement on limited area of the plant.

 

Reply to your query:

 

Query#1: Please advise whether it is possible/ practicable to meet the requirement stated in Point 1 above? If yes, How?

Reply: Generally, the welding consumable manufacturer control the ferrite content by chemical composition (there are some diagrams available like, schafler/Delong/WRC, etc.). But, the control of ferrite also depends on welding process (dia. of electrode/current, etc.). this is the reason that many-a-times, the manufacturers do not give guarantee of such a narrow range of ferrite (0-2%). I remember even avesta had denied guarantee of ferrite other than the Schaefler/WRC diagrams even though in actual weld metal the ferrite control was achievable. But, as mentioned by raghuram in the earlier mail, the availability seems to be there in the market. So, you can use/recommend them to your vendors. But, normally such consumable are 316LN or 316L-modified grades. I do not have the data about the welding consumable suggested by Raghuram, whether it is 316L or some other grade.

Also, please get the Client-confirmation about the method of the Ferrite no. control in weld metal. If it is chemical composition, then any manufacturer may be able to supply you such electrode batches.

Generally, manufacturers do provide 0F(Nil Ferrite) electrodes, the composition is adjusted such that, the weld metal solidification does not involve any ferrite. These fillers will meet your requirements, for sure, but the composition is modified with extra Ni and/or N.

 

Query#2: Also I understand that it is difficult to practically measure the ferrite content. If it is so, can you please elaborate it with detail and reason for the same?

Reply: You are right, it is very difficult to measure the %Ferrite in weld metal and it largely depends on the method you use to detect the same. The best and the most practical method (for surface Ferrite) is the magnetic probe method and it gives the ready results based on the average magnetic field it has detected on the surface. This, being the non-destructive and faster method, is quite popular. But it has got around +/-10-15% accuracy depending on the machine, operator and the environment. Thus, it gives you an approximation only.

Another method is microscopic method. This is more accurate and you can check the ferrite content even across the section as well. But the biggest problem is that you cannot extrapolate the results of one method to the other and vice versa.

In this view, the vendor will have to prove the ability of the process (WPS/PQR) to control the ferrite by both the above methods and he may follow the first one for the production welds.

 

I hope the above satisfy your requirement,

 

Best regards,

Prasad Joshi 
e-mail: pjoshi@technip.com
Phone: +81-(0)45-506-4886

 

-----materials-welding@googlegroups.com wrote: -----

To: <materials-welding@googlegroups.com>
From: "Bathula Raghuram \(Mumbai - PIPING\)" <R.Bathula@ticb.com>
Sent by: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Date: 18/01/2008 03:21PM
Subject: [MW:503] RE: 500] RE: 497] Ferrite content limitation for SS316L - URGENTMATTER!!


THERMANIT 19/15H (ThyssenGermany ), Rutox-F (D&H Secheron)  are few brands which can give 0-2% Ferrite

 

Corporate Musings ?The Office Happening?:


From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto: materials-welding@googlegroups.com ] On Behalf Of Bathula Raghuram (Mumbai - PIPING)
Sent: Friday, January 18, 2008 2:02 PM
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Subject: [MW:500] RE: 497] Ferrite content limitation for SS316L - URGENTMATTER!!

It is possible to get <2% ferrite consumables from Thyssen, Sandvik, or Avestapolarit etc. I will try to get the data sheets from these manufacturers, meanwhile request members to post if having these datasheets or specific brand names.

 

Measurement:

According to the Welding Research Council (WRC) it is not possible at present to determine the absolute ferrite content in austenitic-ferritic weld metal deposits. Variations resulting from differences in the welding and measuring conditions are to be anticipated even in specimens with pure weld metal deposit. The usual standardisation assumes a 2-sigma variation which means a variation of ±2.2 FN for 8 FN.

 

Welding Process control:

Greater variations are to be anticipated if the welding procedure permits higher absorption of nitrogen from the ambient air. High nitrogen absorption may lead to a weld metal with 8 FN falling to 0 FN in the ferrite content. Absorption of 0.10 % nitrogen typically reduces the ferrite content by 8 FN. In weld metal deposits dilution with the base metal leads to further ferrite reductions since base metals with the same composition usually have lower ferrite contents than the pure weld metal.

 


From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto: materials-welding@googlegroups.com ] On Behalf Of Agrawal Sunil (Mumbai -Stequ)
Sent: Thursday, January 17, 2008 7:05 PM
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Subject: [MW:497] Ferrite content limitation for SS316L - URGENT MATTER!!

Subject: Request for advise about Ferrite content limitation for SS316L

 

Dear Members,

 

We are bidding for one of the Ammonia revamp project in India. In that regard I would like to have you advise/ opinion for the following matter:

 

1) Client has asked to restrict ferrite content to 2% for SS 316L. Client requirement is given below:

In case of equipment fabricated of SS316L, low ferrite filter material shall be so selected that ferrite content in two subsequent pass in contact with process fluid shall be max. 2%. The welding not in contact with process fluid may have ferrite content limited to 6%.

 

2) We requested client to give relaxation on above requirement with following argument:

Ferrite content shall be restricted to 3-10% (in weld zone material) in Specification, but practically ferrite will content reach up to 8-10%.

For Ammonia plant (not corrosive service as like in Urea plant), it is not really required to restrict the ferrite content as specified in ITB.

Also refer Table A-360 of ASME Sec. II Part D (for maximum allowed ferrite content) with respect to operating temperature (attached herewith).

 

3) However, client still prefer to maintain the ferrite content restriction.

 

In my understanding, ferrite content limitation is mandatory to have specific corrosion control (mainly in Urea Plant) which is not the case in Ammonia Plant.

 

May I have your valuable feedback/ opinion that whether ferrite content limitation, as stated in point 1 above, is really necessary for Ammonia plant? If not, what is the maximum ferrite content that can be reached for Ammonia Plant. I would highly appreciate your feed back with technical back-up/ support/ past reference.

 

Query#1: Please advise whether it is possible/ practicable to meet the requirement stated in Point 1 above? If yes, How?

Query#2: Also I understand that it is difficult to practically measure the ferrite content. If it is so, can you please elaborate it with detail and reason for the same?

 

I need your feedback to convince the client to withdraw their requirement about ferrite content limitation.

I would highly appreciate your feedback by return mail as I need to have the data by this week end (at least before 22 nd Jan 08).

 

Thank you,

 

Sunil S. Agrawal

< pre>

 

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[MW:534] RE: 533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8

Is this vessel subjected to PWHT?

I assume it should be, also assuming it is a stub in type connection, then use ER347 + E347  for joining weld overlay portion to LWN (i.e inside weld of nozzle), and may use Inconel consumables ERNiCr3+ENiCrFe-2/3 for weld on ouside (i.e fillet joining P11 to F321 neck)


From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com [mailto:materials-welding@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of Desai Jignesh
Sent: Tuesday, January 29, 2008 2:46 PM
To: materials-welding@googlegroups.com
Subject: [MW:533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8

 

Dear Member,

 

Can some body give his/her opinion for filler metal of following condition?

 

Branch connection (Tube Side) between LWN flange (Material SA 182 F321) to SR Nozzle (SA 182 F11 CL 2 + Weld Deposit 347 SS).

 

Service is Hydrogen.

 

Operating Wall Temperature - Tube Side is IN 372 C & Out 225 C.

 

Also recommend the filler metal for the first layer of weld deposite.

 

Thanks in advance

 

Jignesh

 



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[MW:533] Filler metal for P 11 (O/L SS 347) to P8

Dear Member,
 
Can some body give his/her opinion for filler metal of following condition?
 
Branch connection (Tube Side) between LWN flange (Material SA 182 F321) to SR Nozzle (SA 182 F11 CL 2 + Weld Deposit 347 SS).
 
Service is Hydrogen.
 
Operating Wall Temperature - Tube Side is IN 372° C & Out 225° C.
 
Also recommend the filler metal for the first layer of weld deposite.
 
Thanks in advance
 
Jignesh



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Monday, January 28, 2008

[MW:532] Re: Image Analysis

Dear Mr. S.K. Agarwal,
 
In general, the basic criteria should be ease of use, ability to work with your exisiting microscope, help in trainining the staff on use of the software as well the features and scalablity that this software can provide.
 
Without being a "salesperson", let me highlight the Microstructure Image Analysis software we sell in India. Please visit http://www.tcreng.com/products/laboratory-software/microstructure-characterizer/ to know mroe about this software.
 
Should you be interested, click on the "contact us" form on our website and send us the inquiry.
 
Regards
Rohit Bafna
Director
TCR Engineering Services

On Jan 23, 2008 5:31 PM, SATYENDRA KUMAR AGRAWAL <satyagrawal@gmail.com> wrote:
Dear Sir,
What should be the criterian for selection of an Image Analysis Software, when cost is secondary consideration?

-- 
S K Agrawal
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Sunday, January 27, 2008

Convert Hardness to Tensile Strength Aprx

Tensile Strength

(Approximation)

An approximate relationship between the hardness and the tensile strength (of steel) is,

TS(Mpa)=3.55*HB (HB=<175) else 3.38*HB (HB>175)

TS(Psi)=515*HB (HB=<175) else 490*HB (HB>175)

where HB is the Brinnell Hardness of the material, as measured with a standard indenter and a 3000 kgf load.

Hardness

Symbol

Amount

Name

Suggested Range

HB (3000)

408

Brinell 10 mm Standard 3000 kgf

80~445

HB (500)

>>

Brinell 10 mm Standard 500 kgf

89~189

HB (Tungsten 3000)

408

Brinell 10 mm Tungsten 3000 kgf

80~620

HB (Indentation)

3.04 mm

Brinell Indentation

6~2

HK

452

Knoop

97~920

HM

4

Mohs

1~10

HRA

72

Rockwell A-Scale

59~86

HRB

>>

Rockwell B-Scale

41~100

HRC

44

Rockwell C-Scale

19~69

HRD

58

Rockwell D-Scale

39~77

HRF

>>

Rockwell F-Scale

88~100

HR-15N

82

Rockwell Superficial 15N

69~94

HR-15T

>>

Rockwell Superficial 15T

77~93

HR-30N

63

Rockwell Superficial 30N

41~85

HR-30T

>>

Rockwell Superficial 30T

53~82

HR-45N

48

Rockwell Superficial 45N

19~76

HR-45T

>>

Rockwell Superficial 45T

28~71

HS

58

Shore Scleroscope

17~97

HV

432

Vickers

20~1800

Legend

<<

The hardness value is below the acceptable range of the particular hardness scale.

>>

The hardness value is above the acceptable range of the particular hardness scale.

###

The hardness value is near the limit (within 15%) of the acceptable range of the particular hardness scale.

*

The many hardness tests listed here measure hardness under different experimental conditions (e.g. indenters made in different sizes, shapes, and materials, and applied with different loads) and reduce their data using different formulae. As a result, there is NO direct analytic conversion between hardness measures. Instead, one must correlate test results across the multiple hardness tests.

This calculator is based on hardness data compiled from ASM Metals Reference Book 3rd ed, published by ASM International, and Machinery's Handbook 25th ed, published by Industrial Press. The calculator curve-fits multiple hardness data onto a common polynomial basis and then performs an analytic conversion. The accuracy of the conversion depends on the accuracy of the provided data and the resulting curve-fits, and on the valid ranges spanned by the different hardness tests. Converted hardness values should be used for comparative purposes only.

Source: efunda.com

[MW:34820] RE: 34813] Clarification in Rate of heating and cooling.

Hello,   Please see the response below.   Regards.   P. Goswami, P. Eng, IWE.   From: materials-welding@googlegroups.com <materials-weld...